深入理解Go-内存分配
Go语言内置运行时(就是runtime),抛弃了传统的内存分配方式,改为自主管理,最开始是基于tcmalloc,虽然后面改动相对已经很大了。使用自主管理可以实现更好的内存使用模式,比如内存池、预分配等等,从而避免了系统调用所带来的性能问题。
在了解Go的内存分配之前,我们可以看一下内存分配的基本策略,来帮助我们理解Go的内存分配
基本策略:
- 每次从操作系统申请一大块内存,以减少系统调用
- 将申请的大块内存按照特定大小预先切成小块,构成链表
- 为对象分配内存时,从大小合适的链表中提取一块即可
- 如果对象销毁,则将对象占用的内存,归还到原链表,以便复用
- 如果限制内存过多,则尝试归还部分给操作系统,降低整体开销
下面我们从源码角度来分析Go的内存分配策略有何异同
准备
在追踪源码之前,我们需要首先了解一些概念和结构体
- span: 又多个地址连续的页(page)组成的大块内存
- object: 将span按特定大小切分成多个小块,每个小块可存储一个对象
对象分类
- 小对象(tiny): size < 16byte
- 普通对象: 16byte ~ 32K
- 大对象(large): size > 32K
大小转换
结构体
mHeap
代表Go程序持有的所有堆空间,Go程序使用一个 mheap
的全局对象 _mheap
来管理堆内存。
type mheap struct { lock mutex free [_MaxMHeapList]mSpanList // page在127以内的闲置的span列表 freelarge mTreap // page数大于127的大span组成的树状结构体 busy [_MaxMHeapList]mSpanList // page在127以内的已分配的span列表 busylarge mSpanList // page数大于127的已分配的大span组成的列表 // allspans is a slice of all mspans ever created. Each mspan // appears exactly once. // 所有创建过的mspan的slice allspans []*mspan // all spans out there // arenas is the heap arena map. It points to the metadata for // the heap for every arena frame of the entire usable virtual // address space. // // Use arenaIndex to compute indexes into this array. // // For regions of the address space that are not backed by the // Go heap, the arena map contains nil. // // Modifications are protected by mheap_.lock. Reads can be // performed without locking; however, a given entry can // transition from nil to non-nil at any time when the lock // isn't held. (Entries never transitions back to nil.) // // In general, this is a two-level mapping consisting of an L1 // map and possibly many L2 maps. This saves space when there // are a huge number of arena frames. However, on many // platforms (even 64-bit), arenaL1Bits is 0, making this // effectively a single-level map. In this case, arenas[0] // will never be nil. // 一组heapArena组成,每一个heapArena都包含了连续的pagesPerArena个span,这个主要是为mheap管理span和垃圾回收服务,heapArena也有介绍 arenas [1 << arenaL1Bits]*[1 << arenaL2Bits]*heapArena // heapArenaAlloc is pre-reserved space for allocating heapArena // objects. This is only used on 32-bit, where we pre-reserve // this space to avoid interleaving it with the heap itself. // 预先分配的 heapArena 对象的地址 heapArenaAlloc linearAlloc // arenaHints is a list of addresses at which to attempt to // add more heap arenas. This is initially populated with a // set of general hint addresses, and grown with the bounds of // actual heap arena ranges. arenaHints *arenaHint // arena is a pre-reserved space for allocating heap arenas // (the actual arenas). This is only used on 32-bit. // 仅32位使用 arena linearAlloc //_ uint32 // ensure 64-bit alignment of central // central free lists for small size classes. // the padding makes sure that the MCentrals are // spaced CacheLineSize bytes apart, so that each MCentral.lock // gets its own cache line. // central is indexed by spanClass. // mcentral 内存分配中心,mcache没有足够的内存分配的时候,会从mcentral分配 central [numSpanClasses]struct { mcentral mcentral pad [sys.CacheLineSize - unsafe.Sizeof(mcentral{})%sys.CacheLineSize]byte } spanalloc fixalloc // allocator for span* cachealloc fixalloc // allocator for mcache* treapalloc fixalloc // allocator for treapNodes* used by large objects specialfinalizeralloc fixalloc // allocator for specialfinalizer* specialprofilealloc fixalloc // allocator for specialprofile* speciallock mutex // lock for special record allocators. arenaHintAlloc fixalloc // allocator for arenaHints unused *specialfinalizer // never set, just here to force the specialfinalizer type into DWARF }
mSpanList
mSpan的链表, free
busy
busyLarge
上的mSpan都是通过链表串联起来的
type mSpanList struct { first *mspan // first span in list, or nil if none last *mspan // last span in list, or nil if none }
mSpan
Go中内存管理的基本单元,是由一片连续的 8KB
的页组成的大块内存。注意,这里的页和操作系统本身的页并不是一回事,它一般是操作系统页大小的几倍。一句话概括: mspan
是一个包含起始地址、 mspan
规格、页的数量等内容的双端链表。
type mspan struct { next *mspan // next span in list, or nil if none prev *mspan // previous span in list, or nil if none list *mSpanList // For debugging. TODO: Remove. startAddr uintptr // address of first byte of span aka s.base() // 该span锁包含的页数 npages uintptr // number of pages in span manualFreeList gclinkptr // list of free objects in _MSpanManual spans // freeindex is the slot index between 0 and nelems at which to begin scanning // for the next free object in this span. // Each allocation scans allocBits starting at freeindex until it encounters a 0 // indicating a free object. freeindex is then adjusted so that subsequent scans begin // just past the newly discovered free object. // // If freeindex == nelem, this span has no free objects. // // allocBits is a bitmap of objects in this span. // If n >= freeindex and allocBits[n/8] & (1<<(n%8)) is 0 // then object n is free; // otherwise, object n is allocated. Bits starting at nelem are // undefined and should never be referenced. // // Object n starts at address n*elemsize + (start << pageShift). // 用于定位下一个可用的object, 大小范围在 0- nelems 之间 freeindex uintptr // TODO: Look up nelems from sizeclass and remove this field if it // helps performance. // span里object的数量 nelems uintptr // number of object in the span. // Cache of the allocBits at freeindex. allocCache is shifted // such that the lowest bit corresponds to the bit freeindex. // allocCache holds the complement of allocBits, thus allowing // ctz (count trailing zero) to use it directly. // allocCache may contain bits beyond s.nelems; the caller must ignore // these. // 用于缓存freeindex开始的bitmap, 缓存的bit值与原值相反,ctz函数可以通过这个值快速计算出下一个 free object的index allocCache uint64 // 分配位图,每一位代表每一块是否已经分配 allocBits *gcBits // 已经分配的object的数量 allocCount uint16 // number of allocated objects elemsize uintptr // computed from sizeclass or from npages }
spanClass
class表中的class ID,和Size Classs相关
type spanClass uint8
mTreap
这个结构是包含mspan的树状结构,主要是给 freeLarge使用,在查找对应classsize的大对象的时候,使用树状结构查找要比链表更快
type mTreap struct { treap *treapNode }
mtreapNode
mTreap结构的节点,节点信息包含mspan和左右子节点等信息
type treapNode struct { right *treapNode // all treapNodes > this treap node left *treapNode // all treapNodes < this treap node parent *treapNode // direct parent of this node, nil if root npagesKey uintptr // number of pages in spanKey, used as primary sort key spanKey *mspan // span of size npagesKey, used as secondary sort key priority uint32 // random number used by treap algorithm to keep tree probabilistically balanced }
heapArena
heapArena存储的是arena的元数据, arenas是一组heapArena构成,所有的分配的内存都在 arenas
里面,大致 arenas[L1][L2] = heapArena, 而对于 分配出去的内存的 address,通过 arenaIndex
可以计算出 L1 L2
, 从而找到该内存所对应的 arenas[L1][L2],即 heapArena
type heapArena struct { // bitmap stores the pointer/scalar bitmap for the words in // this arena. See mbitmap.go for a description. Use the // heapBits type to access this. bitmap [heapArenaBitmapBytes]byte // spans maps from virtual address page ID within this arena to *mspan. // For allocated spans, their pages map to the span itself. // For free spans, only the lowest and highest pages map to the span itself. // Internal pages map to an arbitrary span. // For pages that have never been allocated, spans entries are nil. // // Modifications are protected by mheap.lock. Reads can be // performed without locking, but ONLY from indexes that are // known to contain in-use or stack spans. This means there // must not be a safe-point between establishing that an // address is live and looking it up in the spans array. spans [pagesPerArena]*mspan }
arenaHint
这个是记录arena可以增长的地址
type arenaHint struct { addr uintptr // down 为 true,表示可以扩展arena的大小 down bool next *arenaHint }
mcentral
mcentral则是全局资源,为多个线程服务,当某个线程内存不足时会向mcentral申请,当某个线程释放内存时又会回收进mcentral
type mcentral struct { lock mutex spanclass spanClass // free object 的链表 nonempty mSpanList // list of spans with a free object, ie a nonempty free list // no free object 的链表 empty mSpanList // list of spans with no free objects (or cached in an mcache) // nmalloc is the cumulative count of objects allocated from // this mcentral, assuming all spans in mcaches are // fully-allocated. Written atomically, read under STW. nmalloc uint64 }
结构图
接下来,我们结合一下宏观的图示来理解一下上面的结构体之间的关联,同时对于后面的内存分配有一个简单的了解,等到后面全部讲完后,在回过头来看看这幅图,可能会对Go的内存分配有更清晰的认知
初始化
func mallocinit() { // Initialize the heap. // 初始化 mheap mheap_.init() _g_ := getg() // 获取当前g所在的m的mcache,并初始化 _g_.m.mcache = allocmcache() for i := 0x7f; i >= 0; i-- { var p uintptr switch { case GOARCH == "arm64" && GOOS == "darwin": p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x0013<<28) case GOARCH == "arm64": p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x0040<<32) case raceenabled: // The TSAN runtime requires the heap // to be in the range [0x00c000000000, // 0x00e000000000). p = uintptr(i)<<32 | uintptrMask&(0x00c0<<32) if p >= uintptrMask&0x00e000000000 { continue } default: p = uintptr(i)<<40 | uintptrMask&(0x00c0<<32) } // 保存 arena相关属性 hint := (*arenaHint)(mheap_.arenaHintAlloc.alloc()) hint.addr = p hint.next, mheap_.arenaHints = mheap_.arenaHints, hint }
mheap.init
func (h *mheap) init() { h.treapalloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(treapNode{}), nil, nil, &memstats.other_sys) h.spanalloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(mspan{}), recordspan, unsafe.Pointer(h), &memstats.mspan_sys) h.cachealloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(mcache{}), nil, nil, &memstats.mcache_sys) h.specialfinalizeralloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(specialfinalizer{}), nil, nil, &memstats.other_sys) h.specialprofilealloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(specialprofile{}), nil, nil, &memstats.other_sys) h.arenaHintAlloc.init(unsafe.Sizeof(arenaHint{}), nil, nil, &memstats.other_sys) // Don't zero mspan allocations. Background sweeping can // inspect a span concurrently with allocating it, so it's // important that the span's sweepgen survive across freeing // and re-allocating a span to prevent background sweeping // from improperly cas'ing it from 0. // // This is safe because mspan contains no heap pointers. h.spanalloc.zero = false // h->mapcache needs no init for i := range h.free { h.free[i].init() h.busy[i].init() } h.busylarge.init() for i := range h.central { h.central[i].mcentral.init(spanClass(i)) } }
mcentral.init
初始化某个规格的mcentral
// Initialize a single central free list. func (c *mcentral) init(spc spanClass) { c.spanclass = spc c.nonempty.init() c.empty.init() }
allocmcache
mcache的初始化
func allocmcache() *mcache { lock(&mheap_.lock) c := (*mcache)(mheap_.cachealloc.alloc()) unlock(&mheap_.lock) for i := range c.alloc { c.alloc[i] = &emptymspan } c.next_sample = nextSample() return c }
fixalloc.alloc
fixalloc是一个固定大小的分配器。主要用来分配一些对内存的包装的结构,比如:mspan,mcache..等等,虽然启动分配的实际使用内存是由其他内存分配器分配的。 主要分配思路为: 开始的时候一次性分配一大块内存,每次请求分配一小块,释放时放在list链表中,由于size是不变的,所以不会出现内存碎片。
func (f *fixalloc) alloc() unsafe.Pointer { if f.size == 0 { print("runtime: use of FixAlloc_Alloc before FixAlloc_Init\n") throw("runtime: internal error") } // 如果list不要为空,直接拿 if f.list != nil { v := unsafe.Pointer(f.list) f.list = f.list.next f.inuse += f.size if f.zero { memclrNoHeapPointers(v, f.size) } return v } // 如果块为空,则从系统分配中调用系统内存分配 if uintptr(f.nchunk) < f.size { f.chunk = uintptr(persistentalloc(_FixAllocChunk, 0, f.stat)) f.nchunk = _FixAllocChunk } // 从chunk中分配一个固定大小的size,释放的时候,会回归到list中 v := unsafe.Pointer(f.chunk) if f.first != nil { f.first(f.arg, v) } f.chunk = f.chunk + f.size f.nchunk -= uint32(f.size) f.inuse += f.size return v }
初始化的工作很简单:
- 初始化heap,初始化free large对应规格的链表,初始化busyLarge链表
- 初始化每个规格对应的mcentral
- 初始化mcache,对mcache里面每个对应的规格进行初始化
- 初始化 arenaHints,填充一组地址,后面根据真正的arena边界来进行扩增
分配
newObject
func newobject(typ *_type) unsafe.Pointer { return mallocgc(typ.size, typ, true) }
mallocgc
func mallocgc(size uintptr, typ *_type, needzero bool) unsafe.Pointer { // Set mp.mallocing to keep from being preempted by GC. // 加锁防止被GC抢占 mp := acquirem() if mp.mallocing != 0 { throw("malloc deadlock") } if mp.gsignal == getg() { throw("malloc during signal") } mp.mallocing = 1 shouldhelpgc := false dataSize := size // 获取当前线程的mcache c := gomcache() var x unsafe.Pointer // 判断分配的对象是否 是nil或非指针类型 noscan := typ == nil || typ.kind&kindNoPointers != 0 if size <= maxSmallSize { if noscan && size < maxTinySize { // 这里开始小对象的内存分配 // 对齐,调整偏移量 off := c.tinyoffset // Align tiny pointer for required (conservative) alignment. if size&7 == 0 { off = round(off, 8) } else if size&3 == 0 { off = round(off, 4) } else if size&1 == 0 { off = round(off, 2) } // 如果当前mcache上绑定的tiny 块内存空间足够,直接分配,并返回 if off+size <= maxTinySize && c.tiny != 0 { // The object fits into existing tiny block. x = unsafe.Pointer(c.tiny + off) c.tinyoffset = off + size c.local_tinyallocs++ mp.mallocing = 0 releasem(mp) return x } // Allocate a new maxTinySize block. // 当前mcache上的 tiny 块内存空间不足,重新分配一块 tiny 块内存 span := c.alloc[tinySpanClass] // 尝试从 allocCache 获取内存,获取不到返回0 v := nextFreeFast(span) if v == 0 { // 没有从 allocCache 获取到内存,netxtFree函数 尝试从 mcentral获取一个新的对应规格的快内存,替换原先内存空间不足的内存块,并分配内存,后面解析 nextFree 函数 v, _, shouldhelpgc = c.nextFree(tinySpanClass) } x = unsafe.Pointer(v) (*[2]uint64)(x)[0] = 0 (*[2]uint64)(x)[1] = 0 // See if we need to replace the existing tiny block with the new one // based on amount of remaining free space. if size < c.tinyoffset || c.tiny == 0 { c.tiny = uintptr(x) c.tinyoffset = size } size = maxTinySize } else { // 这里开始 正常对象的 内存分配 // 首先查表,以确定 sizeclass var sizeclass uint8 if size <= smallSizeMax-8 { sizeclass = size_to_class8[(size+smallSizeDiv-1)/smallSizeDiv] } else { sizeclass = size_to_class128[(size-smallSizeMax+largeSizeDiv-1)/largeSizeDiv] } size = uintptr(class_to_size[sizeclass]) spc := makeSpanClass(sizeclass, noscan) // 找到对应 sizeclass(后面 `规格` 来代替)的span span := c.alloc[spc] // 同小对象分配一样,尝试从 allocCache 获取内存,获取不到返回0 v := nextFreeFast(span) if v == 0 { v, span, shouldhelpgc = c.nextFree(spc) } x = unsafe.Pointer(v) if needzero && span.needzero != 0 { memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(v), size) } } } else { // 这里开始大对象的分配 // 大对象的分配与 小对象 和普通对象 的分配有点不一样,大对象直接从 mheap 上分配 var s *mspan shouldhelpgc = true systemstack(func() { s = largeAlloc(size, needzero, noscan) }) s.freeindex = 1 s.allocCount = 1 x = unsafe.Pointer(s.base()) size = s.elemsize } // bitmap标记... // 检查出发条件,启动垃圾回收 ... return x }
整理一下 这段代码的基本思路:
- 首先判定 对象是 大对象 还是 普通对象还是 小对象
-
如果是 小对象
- 从 mcache 的alloc 找到对应 classsize 的 mspan
- 如果当前mspan有足够的空间,分配并修改mspan的相关属性(nextFreeFast函数中实现)
- 如果当前mspan没有足够的空间,从 mcentral重新获取一块 对应 classsize的 mspan,替换原先的mspan,然后 分配并修改mspan的相关属性
-
如果是普通对象,逻辑大致同小对象的 内存分配
- 首先查表,以确定 需要分配内存的对象的 sizeclass,并找到 对应 classsize的 mspan
- 如果当前mspan有足够的空间,分配并修改mspan的相关属性(nextFreeFast函数中实现)
- 如果当前mspan没有足够的空间,从 mcentral重新获取一块 对应 classsize的 mspan,替换原先的mspan,然后 分配并修改mspan的相关属性
- 如果是大对象,直接从mheap进行分配,这里的实现依靠
largeAlloc
函数实现,我们先跟一下这个函数
largeAlloc
func largeAlloc(size uintptr, needzero bool, noscan bool) *mspan { // print("largeAlloc size=", size, "\n") // 内存溢出判断 if size+_PageSize < size { throw("out of memory") } // 计算出对象所需的页数 npages := size >> _PageShift if size&_PageMask != 0 { npages++ } // Deduct credit for this span allocation and sweep if // necessary. mHeap_Alloc will also sweep npages, so this only // pays the debt down to npage pages. deductSweepCredit(npages*_PageSize, npages) // 分配函数的具体实现 s := mheap_.alloc(npages, makeSpanClass(0, noscan), true, needzero) if s == nil { throw("out of memory") } s.limit = s.base() + size // bitmap 记录分配的span heapBitsForAddr(s.base()).initSpan(s) return s }
mheap.alloc
func (h *mheap) alloc(npage uintptr, spanclass spanClass, large bool, needzero bool) *mspan { // Don't do any operations that lock the heap on the G stack. // It might trigger stack growth, and the stack growth code needs // to be able to allocate heap. var s *mspan systemstack(func() { s = h.alloc_m(npage, spanclass, large) }) if s != nil { if needzero && s.needzero != 0 { memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(s.base()), s.npages<<_PageShift) } s.needzero = 0 } return s }
mheap.alloc_m
根据页数从 heap 上面分配一个新的span,并且在 HeapMap 和 HeapMapCache 上记录对象的sizeclass
func (h *mheap) alloc_m(npage uintptr, spanclass spanClass, large bool) *mspan { _g_ := getg() if _g_ != _g_.m.g0 { throw("_mheap_alloc not on g0 stack") } lock(&h.lock) // 清理垃圾,内存块状态标记 省略... // 从 heap中获取指定页数的span s := h.allocSpanLocked(npage, &memstats.heap_inuse) if s != nil { // Record span info, because gc needs to be // able to map interior pointer to containing span. atomic.Store(&s.sweepgen, h.sweepgen) h.sweepSpans[h.sweepgen/2%2].push(s) // Add to swept in-use list.// 忽略 s.state = _MSpanInUse s.allocCount = 0 s.spanclass = spanclass // 重置span的状态 if sizeclass := spanclass.sizeclass(); sizeclass == 0 { s.elemsize = s.npages << _PageShift s.divShift = 0 s.divMul = 0 s.divShift2 = 0 s.baseMask = 0 } else { s.elemsize = uintptr(class_to_size[sizeclass]) m := &class_to_divmagic[sizeclass] s.divShift = m.shift s.divMul = m.mul s.divShift2 = m.shift2 s.baseMask = m.baseMask } // update stats, sweep lists h.pagesInUse += uint64(npage) if large { // 更新 mheap中大对象的相关属性 memstats.heap_objects++ mheap_.largealloc += uint64(s.elemsize) mheap_.nlargealloc++ atomic.Xadd64(&memstats.heap_live, int64(npage<<_PageShift)) // Swept spans are at the end of lists. // 根据页数判断是busy还是 busylarge链表,并追加到末尾 if s.npages < uintptr(len(h.busy)) { h.busy[s.npages].insertBack(s) } else { h.busylarge.insertBack(s) } } } // gc trace 标记,省略... unlock(&h.lock) return s }
mheap.allocSpanLocked
分配一个给定大小的span,并将分配的span从freelist中移除
func (h *mheap) allocSpanLocked(npage uintptr, stat *uint64) *mspan { var list *mSpanList var s *mspan // Try in fixed-size lists up to max. // 先尝试获取指定页数的span,如果没有,则试试页数更多的 for i := int(npage); i < len(h.free); i++ { list = &h.free[i] if !list.isEmpty() { s = list.first list.remove(s) goto HaveSpan } } // Best fit in list of large spans. // 从 freelarge 上找到一个合适的span节点返回 ,下面继续分析这个函数 s = h.allocLarge(npage) // allocLarge removed s from h.freelarge for us if s == nil { // 如果 freelarge上找不到合适的span节点,就只有从 系统 重新分配了 // 后面继续分析这个函数 if !h.grow(npage) { return nil } // 从系统分配后,再次到freelarge 上寻找合适的节点 s = h.allocLarge(npage) if s == nil { return nil } } HaveSpan: // 从 free 上面获取到了 合适页数的span // Mark span in use. 省略.... if s.npages > npage { // Trim extra and put it back in the heap. // 创建一个 s.napges - npage 大小的span,并放回 heap t := (*mspan)(h.spanalloc.alloc()) t.init(s.base()+npage<<_PageShift, s.npages-npage) // 更新获取到的span s 的属性 s.npages = npage h.setSpan(t.base()-1, s) h.setSpan(t.base(), t) h.setSpan(t.base()+t.npages*pageSize-1, t) t.needzero = s.needzero s.state = _MSpanManual // prevent coalescing with s t.state = _MSpanManual h.freeSpanLocked(t, false, false, s.unusedsince) s.state = _MSpanFree } s.unusedsince = 0 // 将s放到spans 和 arenas 数组里面 h.setSpans(s.base(), npage, s) *stat += uint64(npage << _PageShift) memstats.heap_idle -= uint64(npage << _PageShift) //println("spanalloc", hex(s.start<<_PageShift)) if s.inList() { throw("still in list") } return s }
mheap.allocLarge
从 mheap 的 freeLarge 树上面找到一个指定page数量的span,并将该span从树上移除,找不到则返回nil
func (h *mheap) allocLarge(npage uintptr) *mspan { // Search treap for smallest span with >= npage pages. return h.freelarge.remove(npage) } // 上面的 h.freelarge.remove 即调用这个函数 // 典型的二叉树寻找算法 func (root *mTreap) remove(npages uintptr) *mspan { t := root.treap for t != nil { if t.spanKey == nil { throw("treap node with nil spanKey found") } if t.npagesKey < npages { t = t.right } else if t.left != nil && t.left.npagesKey >= npages { t = t.left } else { result := t.spanKey root.removeNode(t) return result } } return nil }
注: 在看 《Go语言学习笔记》的时候,这里的查找算法还是 对链表的 遍历查找
mheap.grow
在 mheap.allocSpanLocked 这个函数中,如果 freelarge上找不到合适的span节点,就只有从 系统 重新分配了,那我们接下来就继续分析一下这个函数的实现
func (h *mheap) grow(npage uintptr) bool { ask := npage << _PageShift // 向系统申请内存,后面继续追踪 sysAlloc 这个函数 v, size := h.sysAlloc(ask) if v == nil { print("runtime: out of memory: cannot allocate ", ask, "-byte block (", memstats.heap_sys, " in use)\n") return false } // Create a fake "in use" span and free it, so that the // right coalescing happens. // 创建 span 来管理刚刚申请的内存 s := (*mspan)(h.spanalloc.alloc()) s.init(uintptr(v), size/pageSize) h.setSpans(s.base(), s.npages, s) atomic.Store(&s.sweepgen, h.sweepgen) s.state = _MSpanInUse h.pagesInUse += uint64(s.npages) // 将刚刚申请的span放到 arenas 和 spans 数组里面 h.freeSpanLocked(s, false, true, 0) return true }
mheao.sysAlloc
func (h *mheap) sysAlloc(n uintptr) (v unsafe.Pointer, size uintptr) { n = round(n, heapArenaBytes) // First, try the arena pre-reservation. // 从 arena 中 获取对应大小的内存, 获取不到返回nil v = h.arena.alloc(n, heapArenaBytes, &memstats.heap_sys) if v != nil { // 从arena获取到需要的内存,跳转到 mapped操作 size = n goto mapped } // Try to grow the heap at a hint address. // 尝试 从 arenaHint向下扩展内存 for h.arenaHints != nil { hint := h.arenaHints p := hint.addr if hint.down { p -= n } if p+n < p { // We can't use this, so don't ask. // 表名 hint.down = false 不能向下扩展内存 v = nil } else if arenaIndex(p+n-1) >= 1<= 1< = 1< 至此,大对象的分配流程至此结束,我们继续看一下,小对象和普通话对象的分配流程
小对象和普通对象分配
下面一段是 小对象和普通对象的内存查找和分配的主要函数,在上面的时候已经分析过了,下面我们就着重分析这两个函数
span := c.alloc[spc] v := nextFreeFast(span) if v == 0 { v, _, shouldhelpgc = c.nextFree(spc) }nextFreeFast
这个函数返回 span 上可用的地址,如果找不到 则返回0
func nextFreeFast(s *mspan) gclinkptr { // 计算s.allocCache从低位起有多少个0 theBit := sys.Ctz64(s.allocCache) // Is there a free object in the allocCache? if theBit < 64 { result := s.freeindex + uintptr(theBit) if result < s.nelems { freeidx := result + 1 if freeidx%64 == 0 && freeidx != s.nelems { return 0 } // 更新bitmap、可用的 slot索引 s.allocCache >>= uint(theBit + 1) s.freeindex = freeidx s.allocCount++ // 返回 找到的内存的地址 return gclinkptr(result*s.elemsize + s.base()) } } return 0 }mcache.nextFree
如果 nextFreeFast 找不到 合适的内存,就会进入这个函数
nextFree 如果在cached span 里面找到未使用的object,则返回,否则,调用refill 函数,从 central 中获取对应classsize的span,然后 从新的span里面找到未使用的object返回
func (c *mcache) nextFree(spc spanClass) (v gclinkptr, s *mspan, shouldhelpgc bool) { // 先找到 mcache 中 对应 规格的 span s = c.alloc[spc] shouldhelpgc = false // 在 当前span中找到合适的 index索引 freeIndex := s.nextFreeIndex() if freeIndex == s.nelems { // The span is full. // freeIndex == nelems 时,表示当前span已满 if uintptr(s.allocCount) != s.nelems { println("runtime: s.allocCount=", s.allocCount, "s.nelems=", s.nelems) throw("s.allocCount != s.nelems && freeIndex == s.nelems") } // 调用refill函数,从 mcentral 中获取可用的span,并替换掉当前 mcache里面的span systemstack(func() { c.refill(spc) }) shouldhelpgc = true s = c.alloc[spc] // 再次到新的span里面查找合适的index freeIndex = s.nextFreeIndex() } if freeIndex >= s.nelems { throw("freeIndex is not valid") } // 计算出来 内存地址,并更新span的属性 v = gclinkptr(freeIndex*s.elemsize + s.base()) s.allocCount++ if uintptr(s.allocCount) > s.nelems { println("s.allocCount=", s.allocCount, "s.nelems=", s.nelems) throw("s.allocCount > s.nelems") } return }mcache.refill
Refill 根据指定的sizeclass获取对应的span,并作为 mcache的新的sizeclass对应的span
func (c *mcache) refill(spc spanClass) { _g_ := getg() _g_.m.locks++ // Return the current cached span to the central lists. s := c.alloc[spc] if uintptr(s.allocCount) != s.nelems { throw("refill of span with free space remaining") } // 判断s是不是 空的span if s != &emptymspan { s.incache = false } // 尝试从 mcentral 获取一个新的span来代替老的span // Get a new cached span from the central lists. s = mheap_.central[spc].mcentral.cacheSpan() if s == nil { throw("out of memory") } if uintptr(s.allocCount) == s.nelems { throw("span has no free space") } // 更新mcache的span c.alloc[spc] = s _g_.m.locks-- }mcentral.cacheSpan
func (c *mcentral) cacheSpan() *mspan { // Deduct credit for this span allocation and sweep if necessary. spanBytes := uintptr(class_to_allocnpages[c.spanclass.sizeclass()]) * _PageSize // 清理垃圾... lock(&c.lock) sg := mheap_.sweepgen retry: var s *mspan for s = c.nonempty.first; s != nil; s = s.next { // if sweepgen == h->sweepgen - 2, the span needs sweeping // if sweepgen == h->sweepgen - 1, the span is currently being swept // if sweepgen == h->sweepgen, the span is swept and ready to use // h->sweepgen is incremented by 2 after every GC // 需要清理的span if s.sweepgen == sg-2 && atomic.Cas(&s.sweepgen, sg-2, sg-1) { c.nonempty.remove(s) c.empty.insertBack(s) unlock(&c.lock) s.sweep(true) goto havespan } if s.sweepgen == sg-1 { // the span is being swept by background sweeper, skip continue } // we have a nonempty span that does not require sweeping, allocate from it // 找到片 没有被 清理的span,分配,跳转到 havespan标签继续处理 c.nonempty.remove(s) c.empty.insertBack(s) unlock(&c.lock) goto havespan } // 对于 上一轮循环中,可能 正在清扫的span,清扫后的span可能会有有用的span,所以在这里 在进行一次遍历检查 for s = c.empty.first; s != nil; s = s.next { if s.sweepgen == sg-2 && atomic.Cas(&s.sweepgen, sg-2, sg-1) { // we have an empty span that requires sweeping, // sweep it and see if we can free some space in it c.empty.remove(s) // swept spans are at the end of the list c.empty.insertBack(s) unlock(&c.lock) s.sweep(true) freeIndex := s.nextFreeIndex() if freeIndex != s.nelems { s.freeindex = freeIndex goto havespan } lock(&c.lock) // the span is still empty after sweep // it is already in the empty list, so just retry goto retry } if s.sweepgen == sg-1 { // the span is being swept by background sweeper, skip continue } // already swept empty span, // all subsequent ones must also be either swept or in process of sweeping break } unlock(&c.lock) // Replenish central list if empty. // 找不到 合适的span,补充对应classsize的span,grow函数会调用 mheap.alloc 来填充span,上面已经分析过了,不再赘述 s = c.grow() if s == nil { return nil } lock(&c.lock) // 插入到empty span list后面 c.empty.insertBack(s) unlock(&c.lock) // At this point s is a non-empty span, queued at the end of the empty list, // c is unlocked. havespan: cap := int32((s.npages << _PageShift) / s.elemsize) n := cap - int32(s.allocCount) if n == 0 || s.freeindex == s.nelems || uintptr(s.allocCount) == s.nelems { throw("span has no free objects") } // Assume all objects from this span will be allocated in the // mcache. If it gets uncached, we'll adjust this. atomic.Xadd64(&c.nmalloc, int64(n)) usedBytes := uintptr(s.allocCount) * s.elemsize atomic.Xadd64(&memstats.heap_live, int64(spanBytes)-int64(usedBytes)) // 表示 span 为正在使用 s.incache = true freeByteBase := s.freeindex &^ (64 - 1) whichByte := freeByteBase / 8 // 更新 bitmap // Init alloc bits cache. s.refillAllocCache(whichByte) // Adjust the allocCache so that s.freeindex corresponds to the low bit in // s.allocCache. s.allocCache >>= s.freeindex % 64 return s }到这里,如果 从 mcentral 找不到对应的span,就开始了内存扩张之旅了,也就是我们上面分析的
mheap.alloc
,后面的分析就同上了分配小结
综上,可以看出Go的内存分配的大致流程如下
- 首先判定 对象是 大对象 还是 普通对象还是 小对象
如果是 小对象
- 从 mcache 的alloc 找到对应 classsize 的 mspan
- 如果当前mspan有足够的空间,分配并修改mspan的相关属性(nextFreeFast函数中实现)
- 如果当前mspan没有足够的空间,从 mcentral重新获取一块 对应 classsize的 mspan,替换原先的mspan,然后 分配并修改mspan的相关属性
- 如果mcentral没有足够的对应的classsize的span,则去向mheap申请
- 如果 对应classsize的span没有了,则找一个相近的classsize的span,切割并分配
- 如果 找不到相近的classsize的span,则去向系统申请,并补充到mheap中
如果是普通对象,逻辑大致同小对象的 内存分配
- 首先查表,以确定 需要分配内存的对象的 sizeclass,并找到 对应 classsize的 mspan
- 如果当前mspan有足够的空间,分配并修改mspan的相关属性(nextFreeFast函数中实现)
- 如果当前mspan没有足够的空间,从 mcentral重新获取一块 对应 classsize的 mspan,替换原先的mspan,然后 分配并修改mspan的相关属性
- 如果mcentral没有足够的对应的classsize的span,则去向mheap申请
- 如果 对应classsize的span没有了,则找一个相近的classsize的span,切割并分配
- 如果 找不到相近的classsize的span,则去向系统申请,并补充到mheap中
如果是大对象,直接从mheap进行分配
- 如果 对应classsize的span没有了,则找一个相近的classsize的span,切割并分配
- 如果 找不到相近的classsize的span,则去向系统申请,并补充到mheap中
参考资料
《Go语言学习笔记》